Fault Detection in DC Electro Motors Using the Continuous Wavelet Transform

Two time–frequency methods were used to detect typical faults in DC electro motors: the windowed Fourier transform and the continuous wavelet transform. Four groups containing three electro motors each were manufactured with typical faults and examined. These faults included a bearing fault, an increased unbalance, a fragmented brush and a fragmented collector. The velocity of the vibrations at selected points on the electro motors was measured with a laser probe. The parameters of both transforms were selected in order to make both methods comparable. Because of the poor frequency variance, the windowed Fourier transform was, in this case, proven to be inferior to the continuous wavelet transform. Therefore, the continuous wavelet transform was chosen as the primary tool for fault detection.Three criteria were found that successfully discriminated between the typical faults. These were the highest magnitude level, the frequency of the first and second harmonics and the time period between the magnitude pulses in the third (highest) frequency region. If the maximum magnitude levels versus the period of the pulses in the third frequency range are plotted, four distinct regions corresponding to four different faults are obtained. Since the regions do not overlap, linear classifiers can be used with the presented criteria.     

超声在固体火箭发动机无损检测中的应用

在固体火箭发动机的研制中，无损检测技术非常重要。本文介绍了一些主要的超声检测方法及其应用。脉冲多次反射法用于检测固体火箭发动机壳体与衬层之间的粘结质量。特性参数和扫频超声法以多层介质理论为基础，用于检测固体火箭发动机的深层粘结质量。     

A Markov Model for Kinesin

We investigate the validity of a Markov approach for the motility of kinesin. We show in detail how the various mechanochemical states and reaction rates that are experimentally measured, can be used to create a Markov-chain model. We compare the performance of this model to motility data and we find global similarities in the load and ATP-concentration dependency of speed and mean run length. We also discuss the relation between the experimentally found stalling behavior and thermodynamic expectations. Finally, the Markov chain modelling provides a way to calculate the mean entropy production and the (power) efficiency.     

火箭燃气射流冲击埸的实验研究

本文介绍火箭燃气射流冲击场的实验研究方法和结果,采用大口径长程莫阿偏折仪获得了自由射流和射流冲击场的莫阿偏折图,定量得到马赫盘位置、边界、斜激波等近场结构值,并与风洞冷射流模拟和数值模拟结果进行比较。     

A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR ROCKET LAUNCHER WITH COUPLED RIGID AND FLEXIBLW MOTION

The dynamics of a coupled rigid-flexible rocket launcher is reported. The coupled rigid-flexible rocket launcher is divided into two subsystems, one is a system of rigid bodies,the other a flexible launch tube which can undergo large overall motions spatially. First, the mathematical models for these two subsystems were established respectively. Then the dynamic model for the whole system was obtained by considering the coupling effect between these two subsystems. The approach, which divides a complex system into several simple subsystems first and then obtains the dynamic model for the whole system via combining the existing dynamic models for simple subsystems, can make the modeling procedure efficient and convenient.     

火箭剩余推进剂排放过程的分析与模拟

为了减少空间碎片的产生,星箭分离后,需要在轨排放火箭末级贮箱内的剩余推进剂,分析表明,排放条件下的推进剂射流进入太空后,立即失稳破碎为大量液滴;液滴在高真空环境下扩散,它们的表面不断有气体分子蒸发,逐渐在箭体周围形成了一个由液滴和蒸气分子组成的羽流场.采取Lagrange方法追踪该流场中每个液滴的运动轨迹以及表面蒸发冷凝过程,利用直接模拟Monte Carlo方法计算蒸气分子的运动和碰撞,然后通过微观量的统计平均获得感兴趣的宏观流场、箭体表面的压力和剪应力分布等.为了检验稀薄蒸气算法、模型和程序,模拟了真空水射流周围水蒸气羽流场,获得的径向Pitot压力分布与Fuchs和Legge的实验数据的符合。在此基础上,分别模拟了CZ-4B火箭末级剩余燃料偏二甲肼在不同排放方式下的三维稀薄蒸气与液滴羽流场。计算表明:原排放方式的扰动力矩相当大,超出了火箭姿控范围,新排放方式的扰动力矩很小,处于火箭姿控范围之内。这些预测得到了飞行遥测数据的支持。     

高速喷流下的柔性旋转火箭发射系统瞬态响应

对于柔性旋转火箭发射系统，考虑高速燃气喷流作用下的系统耦合振动．建立发射系统动力学模型，数值计算发射管流场结构，确定系统瞬态响应和燃气流冲击对火箭发射姿态的影响，更加真实地模拟柔性旋转火箭的发射动力学环境．     

Synthetic Molecular Motors: Thermal N Inversion and Directional Photoinduced CN Bond Rotation of Camphorquinone Imines

The thermal and photochemical E/Z isomerization of camphorquinone‐derived imines was studied by a combination of kinetic, structural, and computational methods. The thermal isomerization proceeds by linear N inversion, whereas the photoinduced process occurs through C?N bond rotation with preferred directionality as a result of diastereoisomerism. Thereby, these imines are arguably the simplest example of synthetic molecular motors. The generality of the orthogonal trajectories of the thermal and photochemical pathways allows for the postulation that every suitable chiral imine qualifies, in principle, as a molecular motor driven by light or heat.     

Are Two‐Station Biased Random Walkers Always Potential Molecular Motors?

The short answer to the title question is no. Despite their tremendous complexity, many nanomachines are simply one‐dimensional systems undergoing a biased, that is, unidirectional, walk on a two‐minima potential energy curve. The initially prepared state, or station, is higher in energy than the final equilibrium state that is reached after overcoming an energy barrier. All chemical reactions comply with this scheme, which does not necessarily imply that a generic chemical reaction is a potential molecular motor. If the barrier is low, the system may walk back and the motion will have a large purely Brownian component. Alternatively, a large distance from the barrier of either of the two stations may introduce a Brownian component. Starting from a general inequality that leverages on the idea that the amount of heat dissipated along the potential energy curve is a good indication of the effectiveness of the biased walk, we provide guidelines for the selection of the features of artificial molecular motors.